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The ''Mossos d'Esquadra'' ((:ˈmosuz ðəsˈkwaðɾə)); in English: Troopers (literally "Squad Lads", "Squaddies") are the police force of Catalonia. The force was founded in 1950, but a different Catalan force with a different name, the ''Escuadras de Paisanos'', was one of the oldest police forces in Europe. The term ''Mossos d'Esquadra'' was first used as an informal name for this earlier force. The ''Escuadras de Paisanos'' (later known as the ''Esquadres de Catalunya'') are a force from which the ''Mossos d'Esquadra'' have no direct descent. ==History== On July 21, 1950 the Deputation of Barcelona was authorised to create a small security force using the historical title ''Mossos d'Esquadra''. These new Mossos were a militarized corps with little similarity to the earlier incarnations, with limited attributes and few in number. With the return of democracy to Spain, the Mossos d'Esquadra grew in number and attributions. Since October 25, 1980 the force has been under the authority of the Generalitat de Catalunya (the regional Government of Catalonia). The current incarnation of the Mossos d'Esquadra was created by a law of the Generalitat of July 14, 1983, basically re-founding the previous corps into a modern police force. They are no longer a military force, but a civilian one. Since then, the Mossos have gradually grown in both number, skills and responsibilities. ==Previous Catalan forces== The ''Escuadras de Paisanos'', later known as the ''Esquadres de Catalunya'', are a force from which the ''Mossos d'Esquadra'' have no direct descent. They were men-at-arms who had fought as irregulars in the War of the Spanish Succession, and were brought together by the mayor of the town of Valls near Tarragona between 1719–1721. The corps became institutionalised and constituted a militia, which intended to provide security to trade routes and fairs, exposed to constant dangers. They were constituted as a complement to the regular troops of the bourbon army, which had to confront the Miquelets, who persisted as an insurgent redoubt of supporters of Archduke Charles. It was manned by locals, who had to speak Catalan and be familiar with the paths, caves and hiding places in the area. They were eventually placed under military jurisdiction but were less centralised than the Spanish police force (then known as the 'Intendencia General de Policía') formed in 1817, or the yet to be established ‘Guardia Civil’, both of which were systematically deployed away from their regions of origin, and were thus strangers. Throughout the centuries it has passed back and forth from Catalan authority to Spanish military command several times. They were dissolved in 1868 by General Prim after the fall of Queen Isabella II of Spain, since the Mossos had always been royalists. They were reinstated in 1876 under the reign of Isabella's son king Alfonso XII of Spain, but only in the province of Barcelona. Under his son Alfonso XIII of Spain, the Mossos were not well regarded in Catalonia, specially by the Commonwealth of Catalonia, who paid them but had no control over them. They flourished, though, under Primo de Rivera's dictatorship. When the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed, however, the Mossos sided with the Generalitat de Catalunya. After the Spanish Civil War, the last Mossos left Catalonia with the President of the Generalitat and the corps was dissolved by the Francoist authorities. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mossos d'Esquadra」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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